-noticia en español en los comentarios–
Just arrived at the ocean’s deepest pt. Hitting bottom never felt so good. Can’t wait to share what I’m seeing w/ you @DeepChallenge
(Recien llegado al punto más profundo de los océanos. Nunca se ha sentido mejor el tocar fondo. No puedo esperar para compartir con vosotros lo que estoy viendo)
His depth on arrival: 35,756 feet (10,898 meters)—a figure unattainable anywhere else in the ocean.
Reaching bottom, the National Geographic explorer and filmmaker typed out welcome words for the cheering support crew waiting at the surface: «All systems OK.»
Folded into a sub cockpit as cramped as any Apollo capsule, the National Geographic explorer and filmmaker is now investigating a seascape more alien to humans than the moon. Cameron is only the third person to reach this Pacific Ocean valley southwest of Guam (map)—and the only one to do so solo.
(James Cameron es la tercera persona en alcanzar este punto, y la única en hacerlo en solitario)
Hovering in what he’s called a vertical torpedo, Cameron is likely collecting data, specimens, and imagery unthinkable in 1960, when the only other explorers to reach Challenger Deep returned after seeing little more than the silt stirred up by their bathyscaphe.
After as long as six hours in the trench, Cameron—best known for creating fictional worlds on film (Avatar, Titanic, The Abyss)—is to jettison steel weights attached to the sub and shoot back to the surface. (See pictures of Cameron’s sub.)
Meanwhile, the expedition’s scientific support team awaits his return aboard the research ships Mermaid Sapphire and Barakuda, 7 miles (11 kilometers) up. (Video: how sound revealed that Challenger Deep is the deepest spot in the ocean.)
«We’re now a band of brothers and sisters that have been through this for a while,» marine biologist Doug Bartlett told National Geographic News from the ship before the dive.
«People have worked for months or years in a very intensive way to get to this point,» said Bartlett, chief scientist for the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE program, a partnership with the National Geographic Society and Rolex. (The Society owns National Geographic News.)
«I think people are ready,» added Bartlett, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, California. «They want to get there, and they want to see this happen.»
(Video: Cameron Dive Is an Exploration First.)
Rendezvous at Challenger Deep
Upon touchdown at Challenger Deep, Cameron’s first target is a phone booth-like unmanned «lander» dropped into the trench hours before his dive.
Using sonar, «I’m going to attempt to rendezvous with that vehicle so I can observe animals that are attracted to the chemical signature of its bait,» Cameron told National Geographic News before the dive.
He’ll later follow a route designed to take him through as many environments as possible, surveying not only the sediment-covered seafloor but also cliffs of interest to expedition geologists.
«I’ll be doing a bit of a longitudinal transect along the trench axis for a while, and then I’ll turn 90 degrees and I’ll go north and work myself up the wall,» said Cameron, also a National Geographic Society explorer-in-residence. (Listen: James Cameron on becoming a National Geographic explorer.)
Though battery power and vast distances limit his contact with his science team to text messaging and sporadic voice communication, Cameron seemed confident in his mission Friday. «I’m pretty well briefed on what I’ll see,» he said.
(Video: Cameron Dive First Attempt in Over 50 Years.)
Bullet to the Deep
To get to this point, Cameron and his crew have spent seven years reimagining what a submersible can be. The result is the 24-foot-tall (7-meter-tall) DEEPSEA CHALLENGER.
Engineered to sink upright and spinning, like a bullet fired straight into the Mariana Trench, the sub can descend about 500 feet (150 meters) a minute—»amazingly fast,» in the words of Robert Stern, a marine geologist at the University of Texas at Dallas.
Pre-expedition estimates put the Challenger Deep descent at about 90 minutes. (Animation: Cameron’s Mariana Trench dive compressed into one minute.)
By contrast, some current remotely operated vehicles, or ROVs, descend at about 40 meters (130 feet) a minute, added Stern, who isn’t part of the expedition.
Andy Bowen, project manager and principal developer of the Nereus, an ROV that explored Challenger Deep in 2009, called the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER «an extremely elegant solution to the challenge of diving a human-occupied submersible to such extreme depths.»
«It’s been engineered to be very effective at getting from the surface to the seafloor in as quick a time as possible,» said Bowen, of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who also isn’t part of the current expedition.
And that’s just the idea, the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE team says: The faster Cameron gets there, the more time for science. (Read more about DEEPSEA CHALLENGE science.)
Pursuing speed and science in tandem makes the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER test dives—and even the Mariana Trench mission—perhaps as unorthodox as the sub itself.
Typically «you conduct a sea trial for a vehicle, you pronounce it fit for service, and then you develop a science program around it,» Cameron said before heading to the trench. «We collapsed that together into one expedition, because [we were] fairly confident the vehicle would work—and it is.»
Techno Torpedo
Now, at the bottom of the trench, the sub’s custom-designed foam filling and the pressure-resistant shape of the «pilot sphere»—are helping protect Cameron from the equivalent of 8 tons pressing down on every square inch (1,125 kilograms per square centimeter). (Video: how sub sphere protects Cameron.)
Among the sub’s tools are a sediment sampler, a robotic claw, a «slurp gun» for sucking up small sea creatures for study at the surface, and temperature, salinity, and pressure gauges.
While that might sound like a gearhead’s paradise, Cameron knows he’ll «have to be able to prioritize.»
«Is my manipulator working properly? Do I still have room in my sample drawer? And do I still have the ability to take a [sediment] core sample? … I only have [tools for] three sediment cores available on the vehicle, so I have to choose wisely when to use them.»
By contrast, the sub’s multiple 3-D cameras will be whirring almost continually, and not just for the benefit of future audiences of planned documentaries.
«There is scientific value in getting stereo images,» Cameron said, «because … you can determine the scale and distance of objects from stereo pairs that you can’t from 2-D images.»
But, Scripps’s Bartlett said, «it’s not just the video.» The sub’s lighting of deepwater scenes—mainly by an 8-foot (2.5-meter) tower of LEDs—is «so, so beautiful. It’s unlike anything that you’ll have seen from other subs or other remotely operated vehicles.»
(Video: Cameron Dive Is an Exploration First.)
The Search for Life
Right now it’s a mystery what Cameron is seeing, sampling, and filming at depth, in part because so little is known about the Challenger Deep environment.
The only glimpses scientists have had of the region, via two ROV missions, showed a seafloor covered in light gray, silky mud.
Cameron may be detecting subtle signs of life—burrows or tracks or fecal piles—said DEEPSEA CHALLENGE biological oceanographer Lisa Levin, also of Scripps, who’s monitoring the expedition from afar.
If the water’s clear, she added, Cameron may be seeing jellyfish or xenophyophores—giant, single-celled, honeycomb-shaped creatures already filmed in other areas of the Mariana Trench. (See «Giant ‘Amoebas’ Found in Deepest Place on Earth.»)
«If we get lucky,» Cameron said before the dive, «we should find something like a cold seep, where we might find tube worms.» Cold seeps are regions of the ocean floor somewhat like hydrothermal vents (video) that ooze fluid chemicals at the same temperature as the surrounding water.
Earlier this month, during a test dive near Papua New Guinea, Cameron brought back enormous shrimplike creatures from five miles (eight kilometers) down. At 7 inches (17 centimeters) long, the animals are «the largest amphipods ever seen at that kind of depth,» chief scientist Bartlett said. «And we saw one on camera that was perhaps twice that size.»
At Challenger Deep depths, though, the calcium animals need to form shells dissolves quickly. It’s unlikely—though not impossible—that Cameron is finding shelled creatures, but if he does, the discovery would be a scientific jaw-dropper.
Even if he uncovers «a rock with a shell limpet or some kind of bivalve in the mud»—such as a clam, perhaps—»that would be exciting,» Scripps’s Levin said.
Aliens of the Abyss
Expedition astrobiologist Kevin Hand, of NASA, imagines that the life-forms Cameron might be encountering could help fine-tune the search for extraterrestrial life.
For instance, scientists think Jupiter’s moon Europa could harbor a global ocean beneath its thick shell of ice—an ocean that, like Challenger Deep, would be lightless, near freezing, and home to areas of intense pressure. (See «Could Jupiter Moon Harbor Fish-Size Life?»)
By studying the wavelengths of light, or spectra, reflected off life-forms and sediments brought up by Cameron, Hand should get a better idea of which minerals are needed for life in such an environment. This, in turn, might help him design a space probe better able to detect signs of life on Europa.
«There’s an old adage in geology that the best geologist is the one that’s seen the most rocks,» said Hand, a National Geographic emerging explorer.
«I think astrobiology could have a similar adage, in that our best capability for finding life elsewhere—and knowing it when we see it—will come from having a comprehensive understanding of all the various extremes of life on Earth.»
And for UT Dallas’s Stern, DEEPSEA CHALLENGER’s rock-sampling capability offers the opportunity to better understand our planet’s inner workings.
«Challenger Deep is the deepest cut into the solid Earth,» Stern said, «and this gives us a chance to see deeper into the Earth than anywhere else.»
Once the trench-dive data, specimens, and imagery have been analyzed, National Geographic magazine plans to reveal the full results in a special issue on next-generation exploration in January 2013.
«A Turning Point»
By returning humans to the so-called hadal zone—the ocean’s deepest level, below 20,000 feet (6,000 meters)—the Challenger Deep expedition may represent a renaissance in deep-sea exploration.
While ROVs are much less expensive than manned subs, «the critical thing is to be able to take the human mind down into that environment,» expedition member Patricia Fryer said, «to be able to turn your head and look around to see what the relationships are between organisms in a community and to see how they’re behaving—to turn off all the lights and just sit there and watch and not frighten the animals, so that they behave normally.
«That is almost impossible to do with an ROV,» said Fryer, a marine geologist at the Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics & Planetology.
In fact, Cameron is so confident in his star vehicle that he started mulling sequels even before the trench dive.
Phase two might include adding a thin fiber-optic tether to the ship, which «would allow science observers at the surface to see the images in real time,» he said. «And phase three might be taking this vehicle and creating a second-generation vehicle.»
DEEPSEA CHALLENGE, then, may be anything but a one-hit wonder. To Bartlett, the Mariana Trench expedition could «represent a turning point in how we approach ocean science.
«I absolutely think that what you’re seeing is the start of a program, not just one grand expedition.»
es un sueño que los particulares puedan ver las enorme profundidad de esa fosa que es por lo visto la mayor del mundo
a nivel de la calle nos conformaremos con verlo en las revistas tecnicas
en hora buena y gracias por descubrirnos los secretos de este planeta llamado tierra
saludos…………
Cameron llega al fondo (y vuelve)
El cineasta alcanza las profundidades de Las Marianas en su viaje en solitario al abismo marino
Ha ido y ha vuelto. James Cameron no es ya solamente el hombre que reflotó cinematográficamente al Titanic devolviéndonos la postrera singladura del trasatlántico envuelta en romanticismo y música de Celine Dion sino el único ser humano que ha descendido en solitario a lo mas hondo del Océano: un abismo de casi 11 kilómetros que constituye el lugar más profundo de nuestro planeta.
Obsesionado con el mar desde niño, Cameron, de 57 años, ha desarrollado una carrera como oceanógrafo y submarinista paralela a la de cineasta, con puntos de encuentro entre ambas como Titanic, Abyss o los numerosos documentales sobre temas marinos que han salido de sus manos. Ha realizado 72 inmersiones, 52 en el Titanic.
Hombre de carácter (no siempre fácil) indudablemente valeroso y en forma, Cameron es no solo el piloto del revolucionario sumergible en el que se ha zambullido en las cimas marinas (y marianas), sino ¡su inventor! Efectivamente, él mismo ha diseñado el notable cacharro en el que ha vivido esta gran aventura.
Cameron ha emergido hoy en medio del Pacífico flotando como un corcho su minisubmarino en el gran manto de las olas a 500 kilómetros de Guam tras haber alcanzado en la denominada Profundidad Challenger (por el barco que las sondeó por primera vez) los 10.898 metros, a las 07.52 horas. No es un récord absoluto. En 1960 Jacques Piccard y Don Walsh, sus dos únicos predecesores en el abismo, llegaron a 10.916 metros en las mismas Marianas. Pero en aquel histórico viaje del batiscafo Trieste eran dos los tripulantes (no es lo mismo tirarte al abismo acompañado), mientras que Cameron ha tenido los redaños de sumergirse solo. Y Piccard y Walsh estuvieron apenas 20 minutos en el fondo mientras que el cineasta en su avatar de Nemo ha permanecido “varias horas”, según una nota de la expedición.
Es oír eso de “varias horas” y echarse uno a temblar. ¿Qué debe sentir alguien allí abajo en un abismo que puede tragarse el Everest (8.850 metros), solo como no ha estado nunca ningún ser humano, lejos de toda tierra, de toda luz, sin más compañía que criaturas que hacen parecer familiares a los más extravagantes alienígenas? (en eso el director de Avatar tiene un punto). Cameron alcanzó su profundidad máxima hoy de madrugada mientras aquí soñábamos y quizá algunos sufríamos pesadillas. Había descendido en su “torpedo vertical” a toda castaña y el ascenso, en 70 minutos, fue más rápido de lo previsto. En superficie lo divisó un helicóptero de apoyo y el sumergible fue recuperado mediante una grúa por el barco nodriza.
Abajo en la fosa la oscuridad es absoluta y las condiciones tan inhumanas como en otro planeta. La presión es mil veces superior a la del nivel del mar, de ocho toneladas por centímetro cuadrado, lo que equivale a que te pongan sobre la espalda varios aviones Jumbo. La vida en esas profundidades está condicionada, como se ve, por aplastantes limitaciones y las criaturas que se han podido identificar allí son realmente raras y me quedo corto. Precisamente uno de los propósitos del viaje de Cameron era recolectar muestras de organismos y a tal efecto su minisub iba provisto de una especie de aspirador para chuparlos. El vehículo iba equipado de diversos mecanismos para medir temperatura, presión y salinidad, y recoger otras muestras. Cameron, por supuesto, se ha dedicado también a tomar imágenes de ese mundo fantasmagórico que se convertirán en un documental.
Los resultados científicos del proyecto, que se realiza en colaboración con National Geographic (del que Cameron es explorador residente) y Rolex, se darán a conocer próximamente. De momento solo podemos especular con lo que Cameron puede haber visto allá abajo. En el proyecto colabora un astrobiólogo de la NASA. Walsh, que tras la muerte de Piccard era el único hombre que conocía el mayor abismo marino, ha felicitado a Cameron: “bienvenido al club”.
http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2012/03/26/actualidad/1332752303_882725.html